Everything about Delhi’s air pollution | Editorial analysis for UPSC, IAS

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Everything you need to know about Delhi’s rising toxic air pollution

In the recent event of Delhi’s air pollution, toxic smog in Delhi have led authorities to declare a public health emergency. The air pollution level came down after rains lashed the city on Friday, but only marginally. According to research, toxicity in air is determined by the presence of ultra fine particles of PM2.5 or PM10.

The Supreme court has appointed a panel named “The Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA)” to administer the pollution level and draft necessary reports on it.

EPCA latest reports

• EPCA Report no. 76: Regarding ban on sale and use of furnace oil and petroleum coke in NCR  PDF
• EPCA Report no. 77: Report on implementation of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) and learning from first smog emergency of 2017  PDF
• EPCA Report no. 77a: Update on air pollution in NCR  PDF

Reasons behind Delhi’s air pollution

1. Burning of paddy stubble in Punjab and Haryana ahead of new planting season is among the main causes of spike in pollution in Delhi at this time of the year.
2. Wind in Delhi blows from North–West to South–West too.
3. Pollution caused by the traffic in Delhi is another reason. Vehicular emission is increasing the hazardous effects of air pollution and smog. 
4. During winter season, air is dense. Dust particles and pollutants in the air unable to move. They get locked in the air and forms smog.
5. Industrial pollution and garbage dumps are also increasing air pollution and building-up smog in the air.
6. Large scale construction in Delhi-NCR is another culprit that is increasing dust and pollution in the air. Considering the dipping air quality, a number of construction sites have stalled work, as directed by the Delhi Government.

Intergovernmental Relationships

Delhi Chief Minister Arvind Kejriwal met his Haryana counterpart Mohan Lal Khattar. During their meeting, both leaders decided to take a number of steps to prevent smog in the National Capital Region (NCR) next year.

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Agriculture – Chapter 4 Geography Class 10 NCERT Solutions

Multiple question answers

ns.

(i) Which one of the following describes a system of agriculture where a single crop is grown on a large area?

(a) Shifting Agriculture

(b) Plantation Agriculture

(c) Horticulture

(d) Intensive Agriculture

(ii) Which one of the following is a rabi crop?

(a) Rice (b) Gram (c) Millets (d) Cotton

(iii) Which one of the following is a leguminous crop?

(a) Pulses (b) Jawar (c) Millets (d) Sesamum

(iv) Which one of the following is announced by the government in support of a crop?

(a) Maximum support price

(b) Minimum support price

(c) Moderate support price

(d) Influential support price

2. Answer the following questions in 30 words.

(i) Name one important beverage crop and specify the geographical conditions required for its growth.

Ans. Tea is an important beverage crop. This plant grows well in tropical or sub tropical climates, and deep and fertile well-drained soil which is rich in humus and organic matter.

(ii) Name one staple crop of India and the regions where it is produced.

Ans. Rice is a staple food crop of India. It grows in the plains of north and north-east India, coastal areas and the deltaic regions.

(iii) Enlist the various institutional reform programes introduced by the government in the interest of farmers.

Ans. The various institutional reform programes introduced by the government for the benefit of farmers are:

1. Crop insurance against drought, flood, fire etc.
2. Minimum Support Price policy.
3. Subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilizers.
4. Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme.

(iv) The land under cultivation has got reduced day by day. Can you imagine its consequences?

Ans. A declining area of land under cultivation coupled with increasing population have many consequences. These are:

1. ∙Food shortage for the rising population.
2. ∙Rise in price of food grains.
3. ∙Unemployment and loss of livelihood for farmers.
4. ∙Shortage of supply of raw material for agro-industries.
5. ∙Adverse affect on export trade as agricultural products comprise a major section of international trade.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Suggest the initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production.

Ans. Various initiative taken by the government to ensure the increase in agricultural production are:

1. Collectivization, consolidation of holdings, cooperation and abolition of Zamindari etc. were given priority to bring about institutional reforms in the country after independence.
2. Land Reform was the main focus of our ‘First Five Year Plan’.
3. The Green Revolution was based on the use of package technology and the White Revolution were some of the strategies initiated to improve the lot of Indian agriculture.
4. Minimum Support Price policy, provision for crop insurance, subsidy on agricultural inputs and resources such as power and fertilizers, Grameen Banks, Kissan Credit Card and Personal Accident Insurance Scheme are also some of the reforms bought by Indian Government.

(ii) Describe the impact of globalization on Indian agriculture.

Ans. The impact of globalization on Indian agriculture has been felt since colonial times. Raw cotton and spices were important export items from India. In 1917, Indian farmers revolted in Champaran against being forced to grow indigo in place of food-grains, in order to supply dye to Britain’s flourishing textile industry. Thus, globalization has had its boons and banes for Indian agriculture.

Post liberalization, Indian farmers face new challenges in the form of competition from highly subsidized agriculture of developed nations. This prompts the need for making Indian agriculture successful and profitable by improving the conditions of small and marginal farmers, countering the negative effects of Green Revolution, developing and promoting organic farming, and diversifying cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops.

(iii) Describe the geographical conditions required for the growth of rice.

Ans. The geographical conditions required for growth of rice are as follows :-

1. It is a kharif crop and requires hot and humid climate for cultivation. Temperature above 25°C and high humidity with annual rainfall above 100 cm are favorable for growth of rice.
2. Rich alluvial soils of the floodplains and deltaic areas which are renewed every years are ideal for rice cultivation.
3. Rice requires abundant rainfall or good water supply through irrigation and flooded fields during the earlier part of its growing season in June-July.
4. Plenty of cheap labour as most of the farming involves manual labour.

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Water Resources – Chapter 3 Geography Class 10 NCERT Solutions

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Based on the information given below classify each of the situations as ‘suffering from water scarcity’ or ‘not suffering from water scarcity’.

(a) Region with high annual rainfall.

(b) Region having high annual rainfall and large population

(c) Region having high annual rainfall but water is highly polluted.

(d) Region having low rainfall and low population.

Ans:

a. Not suffering from water scarcity

b. Not suffering from water scarcity

c. Suffering from water scarcity

d. Suffering from water scarcity

(ii) Which one of the following statements is not an argument in favour of multipurpose river projects?

(a) Multi-purpose projects bring water to those areas which suffer from water scarcity.

(b) Multi-purpose projects by regulating water flow helps to control floods.

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood.

(d) Multi-purpose projects generate electricity for our industries and our homes.

Ans:

(c) Multi-purpose projects lead to large scale displacements and loss of livelihood

(iii) Here are some false statements. Identify the mistakes and rewrite them correctly.

(a) Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have helped in proper utilization of water resources.

Ans. Multiplying urban centres with large and dense populations and urban lifestyles have resulted in over-exploitation of water resources.

(b) Regulating and damming of rivers does not affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.

Ans. Regulating and damming of rivers affect the river’s natural flow and its sediment flow.

(c) In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were not agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

Ans. In Gujarat, the Sabarmati basin farmers were agitated when higher priority was given to water supply in urban areas, particularly during droughts.

(d) Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater water harvesting has gained popularity despite high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.

Ans. Today in Rajasthan, the practice of rooftop rainwater harvesting has declined in popularity because of high water availability due to the Rajasthan Canal.

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

(i) Explain how water becomes a renewable resource.

Ans. Water keeps on circulating in nature through various states of matter; in the form of liquid water, vapour and ice. Due to this, the water which disappears because of evaporation comes back in the form of rains. Thus, water becomes a renewable resource.

(ii) What is water scarcity and what are its main causes?

Ans. Shortage of water for a sustained period is called water scarcity. Growing population, overexploitation and unequal distribution of water among social groups are the main causes of water scarcity.

(iii) Compare the advantages and disadvantages of multi-purpose river projects.

Ans. Advantages of multi-purpose projects:-

1. They help in flood control.
2. They help in supplying water to water deficient area.
3. They help in better supply of drinking water.
4. They also help in electricity generation.

Disadvantages of multi-purpose projects:-

1. Construction of a large dam results in large scale displacement of people.
2. It affects the livelihood of the displaced.
3. Vast area of land is inundated in the catchment area which leads to large scale environmental consequences.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Discuss how rainwater harvesting in semi-arid regions of Rajasthan is carried out.

Ans. In the semi-arid and arid regions of Rajasthan, particularly in Bikaner, Phalodi and Barmer, almost all the houses traditionally had underground tanks or tankas for storing drinking water. Rainwater that falls on the sloping roofs of houses is taken through a pipe into an underground tanka which circular holes in the ground built in the main house or in the courtyard. The tanks could be as large as a big room. The first rainwater was usually not collected as this would clean the roofs and the pipes. Thereafter it was then collected. The rainwater can be stored in the tankas till the next rainfall season making it an extremely reliable source of drinking water when all other sources are dried up, particularly in the summers season.

(ii) Describe how modern adaptations of traditional rainwater harvesting methods are being carried out to conserve and store water.

Ans. Fortunately, in many parts of rural and urban India, rooftop rainwater harvesting is being successfully adapted to store and conserve water. In Gendathur, a remote backward village in Mysuru, Karnataka, villagers havve installed, in their household’s rooftop, rainwater harvesting system to meet their water needs. Nearly 200 households have installed this system and the village has earned the rare distinction of being rich in rainwater. Tamil Nadu is the first state in India which has made roof top rainwater harvesting structure compulsory to all the houses across the state. There are legal provisions to punish the defaulters.

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Resources and Development – Chapter 1 Geography Class 10 NCERT Solutions

1. Multiple choice questions.

(i) Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore?

(a) Renewable (b) Biotic (c) Flow (d) Non-renewable

(ii) Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put?

(a) Replenishable (b) Human-made (c) Abiotic (d) Non-recyclable

(iii) Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?

(a) Intensive cultivation (b) Deforestation (c) Over irrigation (d) Overgrazing

(iv) In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?

(a) Punjab (b) Plains of Uttar Pradesh (c) Haryana (d) Uttarakhand

(v) In which of the following states is black soil found?

(a) Jammu and Kashmir (b) Gujarat (c) Rajasthan (d) Jharkhand

Answer the following questions in about 30 words.

1.  Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.

Ans. Black soil is found in the plateaus of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh. Black soil is ideal for growing cotton.

2.  What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.

Ans. The rivers that forms the deltas of eastern coast are:- the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri. These river deltas consists of alluvial soil.

The main feature of alluvial soil are:-

• The alluvial soil consists of sand, clay and silt.
• This soil is very fertile and rich in potash, lime and phosphoric acid.
• Based on their age, alluvial soils are of 2 types – old alluvial (Bhangar) and new alluvial (Khadar).

3.  What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?

Ans. Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. Steps can be cut out on the slopes making terraces. Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. Strips of grass are left to grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. Planting lines of trees which are called shelter belts. They help in stabilization of sand dunes and in stabilizing the desert in western India.

4  What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.

Ans. Biotic Resources:- are those resources which are obtained from biosphere and have life such as human beings, flowers, animals, fisheries, livestock etc.

Abiotic Resources:- are those resources which are made up of non-living things. For example – rocks and metals.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words.

(i) Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?

Ans.  The use of land is determined in two ways –

1. physical factors such as topography, climate, soil types etc.
2. human factors such as population density, technological capability and culture and traditions etc.

Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33 per cent of geographical area. And the reason it has not increases is because of the growing demand of the population that has resulted in increased demand for land for various purposes like agriculture and other non agricultural purposes like building roads, infrastructure etc.

(ii) How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?

Ans. Technical and economic development has led to more consumption is the following manner:-

1. With the advancement in technology more and more advanced, sophisticated equipment have been invented. As a result production has increases and that has ultimately increased consumption as well.
2. When a country is economically developed, the needs of their people also increases. That leads to more demand and supply, finally leading to more consumption of resources

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CBSE CLASS 10, 11, AND 12 WORKSHEET BY YOUR EXAM GURU

LETTER PLACING ORDER AND REPLY

An Order Letter is the one that is written by the person/company placing the request of purchase from

another company. This letter comes into action only when a detailed study of the desired product has

been done in the market and based on promised service, quality and price of the product, a decision for a

purchase has been made.

An Order Letter should be drafted very carefully as it needs to pen down all the terms and conditions of

the purchase for the benefit of both involved parties. It should have details such as product

specifications, quantities, price agreed upon, delivery date, late delivery clauses, etc. It should be

addressed to the person responsible for the execution of the order with a copy to the head of department.

DOS AND DON’T’S OF ORDER LETTER



An Order Letter should be addressed to the person responsible for executing the order.



It should include all the terms and conditions agreed upon by both involved parties



There is no need to use too many adjectives in the letter since it is purely for an order being

placed

.



The letter should have all relevant details related to the order, for example, quantity, price and

other terms and conditions.



The Purchase Order Letter should also indicate the date by when the order is expected to be

executed or delivered.



The mode of delivery of the material should also be identified in the letter.



The letter should also carry the mode of payment by which the payment will be made. 

 

Letter for placing an order (the goods ordered through a letter include)

•

Books

•

Sports / laboratory equipment

•

Magazines / journals

•

Electronic gadgets

•

Garments

•

Household items

Include the following content

•

Refer to the advertisement

•

Give details of goods being ordered (brand, item, author, colour/size etc, quantity, price if given)

•

Give the mode of dispatch and payment

•

Conclude politely asking for a prompt and safe delivery of goods.

 Sample Letter

Write a letter to M/s Laxmi Stationary Mart, Chawri Bazar Delhi asking them to send their rates and

terms of supply of stationary items. You are R. K. Mittal, Office Superintendent, Bundelkhand Public

School, Jhansi. (Word limit 125–150 words.)

 

Bundelkand Public School

Jhansi

2 June 2016

The Manager

M/s Laxmi Stationary Mart

Chawri Bazar

Delhi

Dear Sir

Subject : Inviting Rates and Terms of Supply

This is to bring to your notice that on behalf of Bundelkand Public School we would like to place a bulk

order for the supply of stationary items for our school office and the administrative block for the session

2016

-2017.

W

e have selected a few leading stationers for the purpose of supply of these items. We have included

your prestigious firm in the list, keeping in view the goodwill it enjoys in the stationery market. Kindly

quote your discount rates if any which will also help get due weight and consideration.

We need the following items with their brands and number of items required.

S.No

Particulars

Brand

Numbers

1

Pencils HB

Natraj

20 Dozens

2

Pencils HH

Natraj

30 Dozens

3

Type Paper

Star

20 Reams

4

Cyclostyling Paper

Star

20 Reams

5

Computer Paper

Star

40 Reams

6

Carbon Ribbons

Kores

40 Packets

7

Carbon Paper

Kores

20 Packets

Let us remind you once again that maximum discounts and the suitable terms of supply will be

expected.

Please let us know whether it will be possible for you to supply us the above items before 20th June.

Kindl

y let us know the maximum time which you will require to supply us these items.

Yours sincerely

Signature

R.K.Mittal

Office Superintendent

Q. You are Priya Khanna, librarian of your school, Aligarh. You have been asked to place an order for

some books for the school library. Write a letter to the Sales Manager, Light House, Main Road, Noida,

placing an order for the books that you need.

Army School

Aligarh

20th

May‘2016

The Sales Manager

Light House

Main Road

Noida

Subject: Placing an order for books

Dear

Sir,

This is with reference to your quotation dated 05th June 2016

. We are pleased inform you that our

management has decided to place an order with your firm. We want to place a bulk order to you for the

suppl

y of books to our school library.

W

e shall not settle for less than 20 % discount on the purchase of the books. Besides, we hope to get

another 5 % special discount that is usually granted to the institutional buyers. It goes without saying

that you will have to bear the mail and other expenses involved in the dispatch

and delivery of books.

The list of books with their particulars is attached here with .

S.No. Book’s Name Author Quantity

1. Macbeth William Shakespeare 2

2. The Suitable Boy Vikram Seth 2

3. Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen 2

4. Wings of Fire APJ Kalam 2

5. History of Modern India Sumit Sarkar

2

The payment will be made by cheque on receipt of the goods. Kindly ensure that the order reaches us

within a week.

Thanking you

Yours faithfully

Sd/

Priya Khanna

Librarian, Army School

   

Letter of Reply

The Sales Manager

Light House

Main Road

Noida

23 May 2016

The

Manager

Army School

326 / H - Raman Nair Street

Alig

arh

Dear Sir,

We are very thankful to you for your kind order for books dated June 20th and have pleasure in

infor

ming you that the books of your order are being sent to you. We have allowed all reasonable

concessions and commissions asked for.

A copy of the invoice is enclosed herein for your prior information. We would request you to arrange for

pa

yment at the earliest possible.

Assuring you of our best co-operation.

Yours Faithfully,

sd/

Vasu

Sales Manager 

 

Practice Questions:

1

. You are in charge of Junior Science Laboratory of ASN Public School, Shalimar Garden. Place an

or

der to SUV laboratory works; Karol Bagh for various apparatus/ eq

uipm

ent used in your laboratory.

 

2.You are Parveen Kumar of 18 Main Road, Chennai, who wishes to order a few computer peripherals

li

ke a printer, and a set of spare black and coloured cartridges form Arihant Computer Services,

Anna

nagar, Chennai. Write th

e letter giving necessary details. Refer to computer magazine or books to

make your letter realistic.

3.

The Principal of Mahewhwari Devi Music College, Jhunjhunu asks the Head of the Music

Department, Miss Sarawati Roy to place an order for some musical instruments with Jhankar Music

Shop, Jaipur. Write the letter in about 120-150 words.

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NCERT Solutions for Class 10th Hindi Chapter 5 :पर्वत प्रदेश में पावस (Course B)

व्याख्या
पावस ऋतु थी, पर्वत प्रदेश,
पल-पल परिवर्तित प्रकृति-वेश।
इस कविता में कवि सुमित्रानंदन पंत जी ने पर्वतीय इलाके में वर्षा ऋतु का सजीव चित्रण किया है। पर्वतीय प्रदेश में वर्षा ऋतु होने से वहाँ प्रकृति में पल-पल बदलाव हो रहे हैं। कभी बादल छा जाने से मूसलधार बारिश हो रही थी तो कभी धूप निकल जाती है।
मेखलाकर पर्वत अपार
अपने सहस्‍त्र दृग-सुमन फाड़,
अवलोक रहा है बार-बार
नीचे जल में निज महाकार,
-जिसके चरणों में पला ताल
दर्पण सा फैला है विशाल!
पर्वतों की श्रृंखला मंडप का आकार लिए अपने पुष्प रूपी नेत्रों को फाड़े अपने नीचे देख रहा है। कवि को ऐसा लग रहा है मानो तालाब पर्वत के चरणों में पला हुआ है जो की दर्पण जैसा विशाल दिख रहा है। पर्वतों में उगे हुए फूल कवि को पर्वत के नेत्र जैसे लग रहे हैं जिनसे पर्वत दर्पण समान तालाब में अपनी विशालता और सौंदर्य का अवलोकन कर रहा है।
गिरि का गौरव गाकर झर-झर
मद में नस-नस उत्‍तेजित कर
मोती की लडि़यों सी सुन्‍दर
झरते हैं झाग भरे निर्झर!
गिरिवर के उर से उठ-उठ कर
उच्‍चाकांक्षायों से तरूवर
है झांक रहे नीरव नभ पर
अनिमेष, अटल, कुछ चिंता पर।
झरने पर्वत के गौरव का गुणगान करते हुए झर-झर बह रहे हैं। इन झरनों की करतल ध्वनि कवि के नस-नस में उत्साह का संचार करती है। पर्वतों पर बहने वाले झाग भरे झरने कवि को मोती की लड़ियों के समान लग रहे हैं जिससे पर्वत की सुंदरता में और निखार आ रहा है।
पर्वत के खड़े अनेक वृक्ष कवि को ऐसे लग रहे हैं मानो वे पर्वत के हृदय से उठकर उँची आकांक्षायें लिए अपलक और स्थिर होकर शांत आकाश को देख रहे हैं तथा थोड़े चिंतित मालुम हो रहे हैं।
उड़ गया, अचानक लो, भूधर
फड़का अपार वारिद के पर!
रव-शेष रह गए हैं निर्झर!
है टूट पड़ा भू पर अंबर!
धँस गए धरा में सभय शाल!
उठ रहा धुऑं, जल गया ताल!
-यों जलद-यान में विचर-विचर
था इंद्र खेलता इंद्रजाल।
पल-पल बदलते इस मौसम में अचानक बादलों के आकाश में छाने से कवि को लगता है की पर्वत जैसे गायब हो गए हों। ऐसा लग रहा है मानो आकाश धरती पर टूटकर आ गिरा हो। केवल झरनों का शोर ही सुनाई दे रहा है।
तेज बारिश के कारण धुंध सा उठता दिखाई दे रहा है जिससे ऐसा लग रहा है मानो तालाब में आग लगी हो। मौसम के ऐसे रौद्र रूप को देखकर शाल के वृक्ष डरकर धरती में धँस गए हैं ऐसे प्रतीत होते हैं। इंद्र भी अपने बादलरूपी विमान में सवार होकर इधर-उधर अपना खेल दिखाते घूम रहे हैं।

कवि परिचय
सुमित्रानंदन पंत
इनका जन्म सन 20 मई 1900 को उत्तराखंड के कौसानी-अल्मोड़ा में हुआ था। इन्होनें बचपन से ही कविता लिखना आरम्भ कर दिया था। सात साल की उम्र में इन्हें स्कूल में काव्य-पाठ के लिए पुरस्कृत किया गया। 1915 में स्थायी रूप से साहित्य सृजन किया और छायावाद के प्रमुख स्तम्भ के रूप में जाने गए। इनकी प्रारम्भिक कविताओं में प्रकृति प्रेम और रहस्यवाद झलकता है। इसके बाद वे मार्क्स और महात्मा गांधी के विचारों से प्रभावित हुए।
प्रमुख कार्य
कविता संग्रह – कला और बूढ़ा चाँद, चिदंबरा
कृतियाँ – वीणा, पल्लव, युगवाणी, ग्राम्या, स्वर्णकिरण और लोकायतन।
पुरस्कार – पद्मभूषण, ज्ञानपीठ, साहित्य अकादमी पुरस्कार।
कठिन शब्दों के अर्थ
• पावस ऋतू – वर्षा ऋतू
• वेश – रूप
• मेघलाकार – करघनी के आकार की पहाड़ की ढाल
• अपार – जिसकी कोई सीमा ना हो
• सहस्त्र – हजारों
• दृग-सुमन – फूल रूपी आँखें
• अवलोक – देख रहा
• महाकार – विशाल आकार
• ताल – तालाब
• दर्पण – शीशा
• गिरि – पर्वत
• मद – मस्ती
• उत्तेजित करना – भड़काना
• निर्झर – झरना
• उर – हृदय
• उच्‍चाकांक्षायों – उँची आकांक्षा

• तरुवर – वृक्ष

• नीरव – शांत

• अनिमेष – अपलक

• अटल – स्थिर

• भूधर – पर्वत
• वारिद – बादल
• रव-शेष – केवल शोर बाकी रह जाना
• सभय – डरकर
• जलद – बादल रूपी वाहन
• विचर-विचर – घूम-घूम कर
• इंद्रजाल – इन्द्रधनुष

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प्रश्नोत्तरी :

पृष्ठ संख्या: 28 प्रश्न अभ्यास
(क) निम्नलिखित प्रश्नों के उत्तर दीजिए –
1. पावस ऋतु में प्रकृति में कौन-कौन से परिवर्तन आते हैं? कविता के आधार पर स्पष्ट कीजिए?
उत्तर
वर्षा ऋतु में मौसम बदलता रहता है। तेज़ वर्षा होती है। जल पहाड़ों के नीचे इकट्ठा होता है तो दर्पण जैसा लगता है। पर्वत मालाओं पर अनगिनत फूल खिल जाते हैं। ऐसा लगता है कि अनेकों नेत्र खोलकर पर्वत देख रहा है। पर्वतों पर बहते झरने मानो उनका गौरव गान गा रहे हैं। लंबे–लंबे वृक्ष आसमान को निहारते चिंतामग्न दिखाई दे रहे हैं। अचानक काले काले बादल घिर आते हैं। ऐसा लगता है मानो बादल रुपी पंख लगाकर पर्वत उड़ना चाहते हैं। कोहरा धुएँ जैसा लगता है। इंद्र देवता बादलों के यान पर बैठकर नए–नए जादू दिखाना चाहते हैं।
 
2. ‘मेखलाकार’ शब्द का क्या अर्थ है? कवि ने इस शब्द का प्रयोग यहाँ क्यों किया है?

उत्तर 

मेखलाकार का अर्थ है करघनी के आकार का। यहाँ इस शब्द का प्रयोग पर्वतों की श्रृंखला के लिए किया गया है। ये पावस ऋतु में दूर–दूर तक करघनी की आकृति में फैले हुए हैं। 3. ‘सहस्र दृग-सुमन’ से क्या तात्पर्य है? कवि ने इस पद का प्रयोग किसके लिए किया होगा?
उत्तर
‘सहस्र दृग-सुमन’ कवि का तात्पर्य पहाड़ों पर खिले हजारों फूलों से है। कवि को फूल पहाड़ों की आँखों के सामान लग रहे हैं इसीलिए कवि ने इस पद का प्रयोग किया है।
4. कवि ने तालाब की समानता किसके साथ दिखाई है और क्यों?
उत्तर
कवि ने तालाब की समानता दर्पण से की है क्योंकि तालाब भी दर्पण की तरह स्वच्छ और निर्मल प्रतिबिम्ब दिखा रहा है।
5. पर्वत के हृदय से उठकर ऊँचे-ऊँचे वृक्ष आकाश की और क्यों देख रहे थे और वे किस बात को प्रतिबिंबित करते हैं?

उत्तर

ऊँचे-ऊँचे पर्वत पर उगे वृक्ष आकाश की ओर देखते चिंतामग्न प्रतीत हो रहे हैं। जैसे वे आसमान की ऊचाइयों को छूना चाहते हैं। इससे मानवीय भावनाओं को बताया गया है कि मनुष्य सदा आगे बढ़ने का भाव अपने मन में रखता है।
6. शाल के वृक्ष भयभीत होकर धरती में क्यों धँस गए?
उत्तर
वर्षा की भयानकता और धुंध से शाल के वृक्ष भयभीत होकर धरती में धँस गए प्रतीत होते हैं।
7. झरने किसके गौरव का गान कर रहे हैं? बहते हुए झरने की तुलना किससे की गई है?
उत्तर
झरने पर्वतों की गाथा का गान कर रहे हैं। बहते हुए झरने की तुलना मोती की लड़ियों से की गयी है।
(ख) निम्नलिखित का भाव स्पष्ट कीजिए –
1. है टूट पड़ा भू पर अंबर।
उत्तर
सुमित्रानंदन पंत जी ने इस पंक्ति में पर्वत प्रदेश के मूसलाधार वर्षा का वर्णन किया है। पर्वत प्रदेश में पावस ऋतु में प्रकृति की छटा निराली हो जाती है। कभी–कभी इतनी धुआँधार वर्षा होती है मानो आकाश टूट पड़ेगा।
2. −यों जलद-यान में विचर-विचर
था इंद्र खेलता इंद्रजाल।

उत्तर
कभी गहरे बादल, कभी तेज़ वर्षा और तालाबों से उठता धुआँ − यहाँ वर्षा ऋतु में पल-पल प्रकृति वेश बदल जाता है। यह सब दृश्य देखकर ऐसा प्रतीत होता है कि जैसे बादलों के विमान में विराजमान राजा इन्द्र विभिन्न प्रकार के जादुई खेल-खेल रहे हों।
3. गिरिवर के उर से उठ-उठ कर
उच्चाकांक्षाओं से तरुवर
हैं झांक रहे नीरव नभ पर
अनिमेष, अटल, कुछ चिंतापर।
उत्तर
इन पंक्तियों का भाव यह है कि पर्वत पर उगे विशाल वृक्ष ऐसे लगते हैं मानो इनके हृदय में अनेकों महत्वकांक्षाएँ हैं और ये चिंतातुर आसमान को देख रहे हैं।

पृष्ठ संख्या: 29 कविता का सौंदर्य 

1. इस कविता में मानवीकरण अलंकार का प्रयोग किया गया है? स्पष्ट कीजिए। उत्तर
प्रस्तुत कविता में जगह-जगह पर मानवीकरण अलंकार का प्रयोग करके प्रकृति में जान डाल दी गई है जिससे प्रकृति सजीव प्रतीत हो रही है; जैसे − पर्वत पर उगे फूल को आँखों के द्वारा मानवकृत कर उसे सजीव प्राणी की तरह प्रस्तुत किया गया है।
“उच्चाकांक्षाओं से तरूवर
हैं झाँक रहे नीरव नभ पर”
इन पंक्तियों में तरूवर के झाँकने में मानवीकरण अलंकार है, मानो कोई व्यक्ति झाँक रहा हो।

2. आपकी दृष्टि में इस कविता का सौंदर्य इनमें से किस पर निर्भर करता है −

(क) अनेकशब्दों की आवृति पर
(ख) शब्दों की चित्रमयी भाषा पर
(ग) कविता की संगीतात्मकता पर
उत्तर
(ख) शब्दों की चित्रमयी भाषा पर

इस कविता का सौंदर्य शब्दों की चित्रमयी भाषा पर निर्भर करता है। कवि ने कविता में चित्रात्मक शैली का प्रयोग करते हुए प्रकृति का सुन्दर रुप प्रस्तुत किया गया है।
3. कवि ने चित्रात्मक शैली का प्रयोग करते हुए पावस ऋतु का सजीव चित्र अंकित किया है। ऐसे स्थलों को छाँटकर लिखिए।
उत्तर
कवि ने चित्रात्मक शैली का प्रयोग करते हुए पावस ऋतु का सजीव चित्र अंकित किया है। कविता में इन स्थलों पर चित्रात्मक शैली की छटा बिखरी हुई है-

1. मेखलाकार पर्वत अपार
अपने सहस्र दृग-सुमन फाड़,
अवलोक रहा है बार-बार
नीचे जल में निज महाकार
जिसके चरणों में पला ताल
दर्पण फैला है विशाल!
2. गिरिवर के उर से उठ-उठ कर
उच्चाकांक्षाओं से तरुवर
हैं झाँक रहे नीरव नभ पर
अनिमेष, अटल, कुछ चिंतापर।

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